Makaleler / Papers by Daniş Baykan
2026: Peker, M., Baykan, D., Bektaş, G., Baykan, C., Önem, İ. G., “Nif Dağı Araştırma ve Kazı Projesi: 2024 Yılı Kazısı”, 45. KST Cilt 3, Ankara, 2026, 383-400. Peker, M., Baykan, D., Bektaş, G., Baykan, C., Önem, İ. G., “Nif Dağı Araştırma ve Kazı Projesi... more Peker, M., Baykan, D., Bektaş, G., Baykan, C., Önem, İ. G., “Nif Dağı Araştırma ve Kazı Projesi: 2024 Yılı Kazısı”, 45. KST Cilt 3, Ankara, 2026, 383-400.
Baykan, D., “Les Phases des Structures Religieuses de Başpınar à la Lumière des Recherches Archéo... more Baykan, D., “Les Phases des Structures Religieuses de Başpınar à la Lumière des Recherches Archéologiques”, The 25th International Congress of Byzantine Studies, Book of Abstracts Byzantium Beyond Byzantium, Viyana, 2026, 996-997.
2024, Peker, M., Baykan, D., Bektaş, G., Baykan, C., Önem, İ., G., “Nif (Olympos) Dağı Araştırma ve Kazı Projesi 2022 Yılı Kazısı”, 43. KST, 183-200.
Höyük Dergisi 13, 2024
Nif (Olympos) Dağı günümüzde İzmir’in doğusunda, Kemalpaşa, Torbalı, Buca ve Bornova ilçelerinin ... more Nif (Olympos) Dağı günümüzde İzmir’in doğusunda, Kemalpaşa, Torbalı, Buca ve Bornova ilçelerinin sınırları içindedir. Kuzeyinde Sipylos Dağı ile Gediz (Hermos) Nehri’nin bir kolu olan Nif (Kryos) Çayı’nın suladığı Kemalpaşa (Nymphaion) Ovası, doğusunda SmyrnaSardeis yolunu güneye, Küçük Menderes (Kaystros) Vadisi’ne bağlayan ve Nif Dağı’nı Bozdağ (Tmolos) silsilesinden ayıran Karabel Geçidi, güneyinde Torbalı Ovası yer alır. Nif Dağı’nda ilk sistematik arkeolojik araştırmalar Prof. Dr. Elif Tül Tulunay başkanlığında gerçekleştirilmiş, 1999-2001 yıllarında yapılan inceleme gezilerini 2004-2005 yıllarında T. C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Kültür Varlıkları ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüğü’nün izniyle İstanbul Üniversitesi adına yapılan yüzey araştırmaları ve 2006 yılından itibaren de kazılar takip etmiştir. İzmir ili Nif Dağı Kazısı, Torbalı ilçesi Dağkızılca Mahallesi’ne bağlı Başpınar ve Dağkızılca ile Kemalpaşa ilçesi Vişneli Mahallesi’ne bağlı Karamattepe ve Ballıcaoluk mevkileri olmak üzere dört alanda gerçekleştirilmektedir (Resim 1). Bu araştırma ve kazılarla Batı Anadolu’nun bu dağlık iç kesiminde daha önce varlığı bilinmeyen, MÖ 8. yüzyıldan MS 14. yüzyıla tarihlendirilen, arkeolojik kültür varlıkları ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Dağkızılca’da farklı tipte mezarları (tümülüs, oda mezar, sandık mezar, pişmiş toprak lahit) barındıran bir nekropolis yer almaktadır. Başpınar’da daha erken döneme ait devşirme malzemenin kullanıldığı, Laskarisler Dönemi kilisesi ile tek apsisli bir diğer kilise, ilk kez Nif Dağı kazılarıyla belgelenmiştir. MÖ 1. binyılın ilk yarısında metal işliklerini içeren bir yerleşim ve MÖ 4. yüzyılda kısa süreli mezarlık kullanımı saptanan Karamattepe’de ele geçen metal buluntu ve arkeometalürji verileri, burada kapsamlı bir metal üretimi gerçekleştirildiğini göstermiştir. Ballıcaoluk’ta, kısmen surla çevrili, çevresine hâkim bir tepe yerleşimi kazılmaktadır.
Nif Dağı’nda yürütülen arkeolojik araştırma ve kazılarla farklı üretim etkinliklerine ilişkin kanıtlar saptanmıştır. Kemalpaşa ilçesi Vişneli Mahallesi’ne bağlı Karamattepe mevkiinde 2006 yılından itibaren sürdürülen kazılarda Antik Çağ’da metal üretiminin çeşitli aşamalarını gösteren bulgular elde edilmiştir. Nif Dağı çevresinde tarımsal üretimle ilgili kalıntılar da ele geçmektedir. Bu bölgede, günümüzde olduğu gibi Antik Çağ’da da zeytinyağı ve şarap üretimi yapıldığını gösteren düzeneklere ait parçalar bulunmaktadır. Bu tarımsal üretim izlerinin dağılımları üzerinde yapılacak çalışmalarla Antik Çağ’da bölgenin yol, üretim alanı, yerleşim bağlantıları da belirlenebilir.
Mount Nif Excavation is carried out on four study areas namely, Karamattepe, Ballıcaoluk, Başpı- ... more Mount Nif Excavation is carried out on four study areas namely, Karamattepe, Ballıcaoluk, Başpı- nar, and Dağkızılca at the southeast of Mount Nif which is located between the city center of Izmir to the west, Mount Sipylos to the north, and Mount Tmolos to the east. The excavation is performed under the directorate of Prof. Dr. Elif Tül Tulunay between 2006 and 2019; and since 2020, under the directorate of Associate Prof Müjde Peker. Inspecting the data classification of more than four thou- sand metal finds as well as archaeo-metallurgy artefacts found in Karamattepe, it is gathered that a substantial and intensive metal production was in place at this site. In this study, the second phase of the Karamattepe metal workshops, the Achaemenid Period, the iron workshop that was operated for the ammunition needs of the Persian army will be discussed. The importance of this context in chro- nology will be revealed by presenting the produced objects, unfinished products and data that can give information about the production stages. The iron ammunition used by the Persian army will be supported by an analogy with the archaeological sites whose relationship with the Persians has been clearly established. Also in this study, the iron furnaces of the Persian Army iron ammunition factory, which were preserved in situ, ten years of observation, measures taken will be discussed.
2023, Baykan, D., Baş, Didem, “Edirne Şehir Kültüründe Arkeoloji ve Etnografya Müzesi ve Metal Buluntuları”, Edirne Araştırmaları, Ed. Y. Topaloğlu ve M. Ünver, Trakya Üniversitesi Yayınları 306, 2023, ISBN 9789753743563, 534-564. Baykan, D., Baş, Didem, “Edirne Şehir Kültüründe Arkeoloji ve Etnografya Müzesi ve Metal Buluntul... more Baykan, D., Baş, Didem, “Edirne Şehir Kültüründe Arkeoloji ve Etnografya Müzesi ve Metal Buluntuları”, Edirne Araştırmaları, Ed. Y. Topaloğlu ve M. Ünver, Trakya Üniversitesi Yayınları 306, 2023, ISBN 9789753743563, 534-564.
2023, Baykan, D., “Antik Çağ Erkeklerinin Gece Toplantıları”, Aşk ve Erotizm, Fal Büyü Tılsım, Oyunun Tarihi, Ed. N. Pehlivan, Sakin Kitap, İzmir, 2023, 70-77. (ISBN 9786259988054) Baykan, D., “Antik Çağ Erkeklerinin Gece Toplantıları”, Aşk ve Erotizm, Fal Büyü Tılsım, Oyunun T... more Baykan, D., “Antik Çağ Erkeklerinin Gece Toplantıları”, Aşk ve Erotizm, Fal Büyü Tılsım, Oyunun Tarihi, Ed. N. Pehlivan, Sakin Kitap, İzmir, 2023, 70-77. (ISBN 9786259988054)
2022,Baykan, D., “İkonografide MÖ 1. Bine Kadar Alıcı Kuşlar”, Işık Şahin’e Armağan, Ed. M. Hasdağlı, E. Taştemur, Trakya Üniversitesi Yayınları, Edirne, 2022, 38-59. Işık Şahin’e Armağan,, 2022
Baykan, D., “İkonografide MÖ 1. Bine Kadar Alıcı Kuşlar”, Işık Şahin’e Armağan, Ed. M. Hasdağlı, ... more Baykan, D., “İkonografide MÖ 1. Bine Kadar Alıcı Kuşlar”, Işık Şahin’e Armağan, Ed. M. Hasdağlı, E. Taştemur, Trakya Üniversitesi Yayınları, Edirne, 2022, 38-59.
2022, Peker, M., Baykan, D., Bektaş, G., Baykan, C., Bilgin, M., Lenger, D. S., “Nif (Olympos) Dağı Araştırma ve Kazı Projesi: 2020 Yılı Kazısı”, 2019-2020 Yılı Kazı Çalışmaları Cilt 3, Ankara, 2022, s. 351-368. Peker, M., Baykan, D., Bektaş, G., Baykan, C., Bilgin, M., Lenger, D. S., “Nif (Olympos) Dağı Ara... more Peker, M., Baykan, D., Bektaş, G., Baykan, C., Bilgin, M., Lenger, D. S., “Nif (Olympos) Dağı Araştırma ve Kazı Projesi: 2020 Yılı Kazısı”, 2019-2020 Yılı Kazı Çalışmaları Cilt 3, Ankara, 2022, s. 351-368.
2022, Tulunay, E. T., M. Peker, D. Baykan, D. S. Lenger, M. Bilgin, C. Baykan, “Nif (Olympos) Dağı Araştırma ve Kazı Projesi: 2019 Yılı Kazısı”, 2019-2020 Yılı Kazı Çalışmaları Cilt 2, Ankara, 2022, s. 37-60. Tulunay, E. T., M. Peker, D. Baykan, D. S. Lenger, M. Bilgin, C. Baykan, “Nif (Olympos) Dağı Araş... more Tulunay, E. T., M. Peker, D. Baykan, D. S. Lenger, M. Bilgin, C. Baykan, “Nif (Olympos) Dağı Araştırma ve Kazı Projesi: 2019 Yılı Kazısı”, 2019-2020 Yılı Kazı Çalışmaları Cilt 2, Ankara, 2022, s. 37-60.
Bölgesel Mitoloji açısından MÖ 6. Yüzyıl Assos Tapınağı Kabartmaları
Baykan, D., “Bölgesel Mit... more Bölgesel Mitoloji açısından MÖ 6. Yüzyıl Assos Tapınağı Kabartmaları
Baykan, D., “Bölgesel Mitoloji açısından MÖ 6. Yüzyıl Assos Tapınağı Kabartmaları”, Trakya Üniversiteler Birliği II. Eskiçağ'da Marmara ve Çevre Kültürleri Paneli, çevrimiçi Bandırma, 2022.
Baykan, D., Girengir, F., “Nif Dağı Kazısı Karamattepe Pers Ordusu Demir Mühimmat İmalathanesi”, ... more Baykan, D., Girengir, F., “Nif Dağı Kazısı Karamattepe Pers Ordusu Demir Mühimmat İmalathanesi”, 4. Türkiye Tarihi Madenler Konferansı Özet Kitapçığı, 12-14 Mayıs 2022, İzmir, 2022, 43.
Nif Dağı Karamattepe’nin Antik Madencileri
Anadolu’da Etnoarkeoloji Çalışmaları: Prehistorik Dönem’den Ortaçağ Sonuna Kadar / Ethnoarchaeology Studies in Anatolia: From Prehistoric Period to the End of the Middle Ages, , 2021
Baykan, D., “Nif Dağı Kazısı Karamattepe Metal İşliklerinin Etnoarkeoloji Katkısıyla Tanımlanması... more Baykan, D., “Nif Dağı Kazısı Karamattepe Metal İşliklerinin Etnoarkeoloji Katkısıyla Tanımlanması”, Anadolu’da Etnoarkeoloji Çalışmaları: Prehistorik Dönem’den Ortaçağ Sonuna Kadar / Ethnoarchaeology Studies in Anatolia: From Prehistoric Period to the End of the Middle Ages, Yayın Sorumlusu J. Yakar, Ed. İ. Akkaş, M. Karakoç, Doruk Yayınları, Ankara, 2021, 212-231. (ISBN 978-975-553-902-7)
Ya la da ile i len g le den a a a a la o ml d İ mi A a mala De gi i Sa 5 (195-200),
OLBA XXIX, 2021
Ear Spools from 1st Millennium BC: Definition and Identification
We can assert that it has been... more Ear Spools from 1st Millennium BC: Definition and Identification
We can assert that it has been traditionally difficult in archaeology to identify ear spools and to determine their function. In publications and exhibitions, the functions of ear spools can be reported as reels, bobbins, weight, game stones, jewellery, appliques, buttons, tokens, disks, pedestals, buckles, corks, caps, clothing parts, furniture parts or unidentifiable objects. Additional ascriptions such as lenses, magnifiers and lighters have been proposed due to samples made of transparent mountain crystal. The objective of this study is to eliminate the confusion of function- ality of the same object made of different materials from a holistic approach and to support these definitions with the help of various depictions and ethnoarchaeology. In the context of this study, the earring function is taken into consideration for those artefacts shaped roughly the same but made of stones such as mountain crystal, semi-precious stones, marble or of metals such as gold, electron, silver, bronze or of different materials such as terracotta, glass, tiles, bone, ivory, amber and wood. Researchers have sometimes included examples of ear spools in their publications under different names. Spools are known from the 3rd and 2nd Millennium BC used for weaving, usually larger than five inches and made of stone or terracotta. The weaving spools are excluded from this study, which are roughly built, large in size, sometimes included in weaving loom depictions and dated relatively earlier than ear spools. This study will discuss the uses of ear spools during the 2nd Millennium BC briefly and then it will focus in detail on their presence during the first half of the 1st Millennium BC and the area of distribution as well as the diversity of raw materials. Based on the reported examples and depictions of small spools which brought uncertainties about their function and naming, we will present some personal thoughts and assessments for the considera- tion of the researchers on their use as earrings during the 1st Millennium BC. Ethnoarchaeology, depictions, and data from ancient sources are used in a method that is as holistic as possible. Although a few researchers have referred to “disc” earrings in their descriptions, they have agreed that there is not enough archaeological example to prove any of their descriptions. Therefore, in this study we tried to increase the number of examples including archaeological finds made of different materials. The use of earrings by genders in Mediterranean and Anatolian cultures is also discussed. Possible regional results are questioned based on the distribution of findings and of depictions of ear spools. When we evaluate the ear spools that were made of different materials and their depictions, it would be erroneous to oppose their existence until the end of the 6th Century BC or to deny their function as earrings. Therefore, it is proposed that they should be accepted as the most common form of earrings of the first half of 1st Millennium BC considering the information I tried to fit in the scope of this study, as well as the similarities in material and in size between the antic and the contemporary ear spools. Apart from that, another group of finds with debated function, often identified as astragali, is proposed to entitle as unused and combined pair of ear spool.
The widespread wars and epidemics during Roman Empire enabled medical profession to become more r... more The widespread wars and epidemics during Roman Empire enabled medical profession to become more rule-based and to have improved methods of treatment. If accidents and epidemics are set aside, hygienic conditions that were direct results of socioeconomic
status determined the quality of life and average age during antiquity. The best physicians were sometimes short of knowledge and skills against illnesses. While diet and surgery provided some positive results, the successful surgical results were in correlation with design and diversity of medical tools. During Roman Empire, separate physicians treated slaves, members of the palace, soldiers, gladiators, and poor people. The practices of those physicians involved different methods like medicinal applications, hydrotherapy, surgery, diet, and psychotherapy. There were specialists for the eye, ear, and gynecological diseases as well as surgeons, and practitioners of water and wine healing. Grave ornaments in Greek burial customs do not include medical tools; however, contexts of physician graves from Roman Empire are still able to provide information on medical methods and tools. In addition, one physician grave captured intact is very important since it provides information on the treatments succeeded and the tools used by the buried physician. Therefore, physician graves and their contexts from Roman Empire located in Anatolia will be interpreted at the organization titled “The International Symposium on Burial Customs in Anatolia during the Hellenistic and Roman Periods”. This study will also include a discussion on the defi nition of “medical tool” and how can a tool be classifi ed as medical, cosmetic, or as having another purpose.
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Makaleler / Papers by Daniş Baykan
Nif Dağı’nda yürütülen arkeolojik araştırma ve kazılarla farklı üretim etkinliklerine ilişkin kanıtlar saptanmıştır. Kemalpaşa ilçesi Vişneli Mahallesi’ne bağlı Karamattepe mevkiinde 2006 yılından itibaren sürdürülen kazılarda Antik Çağ’da metal üretiminin çeşitli aşamalarını gösteren bulgular elde edilmiştir. Nif Dağı çevresinde tarımsal üretimle ilgili kalıntılar da ele geçmektedir. Bu bölgede, günümüzde olduğu gibi Antik Çağ’da da zeytinyağı ve şarap üretimi yapıldığını gösteren düzeneklere ait parçalar bulunmaktadır. Bu tarımsal üretim izlerinin dağılımları üzerinde yapılacak çalışmalarla Antik Çağ’da bölgenin yol, üretim alanı, yerleşim bağlantıları da belirlenebilir.
Baykan, D., “Bölgesel Mitoloji açısından MÖ 6. Yüzyıl Assos Tapınağı Kabartmaları”, Trakya Üniversiteler Birliği II. Eskiçağ'da Marmara ve Çevre Kültürleri Paneli, çevrimiçi Bandırma, 2022.
We can assert that it has been traditionally difficult in archaeology to identify ear spools and to determine their function. In publications and exhibitions, the functions of ear spools can be reported as reels, bobbins, weight, game stones, jewellery, appliques, buttons, tokens, disks, pedestals, buckles, corks, caps, clothing parts, furniture parts or unidentifiable objects. Additional ascriptions such as lenses, magnifiers and lighters have been proposed due to samples made of transparent mountain crystal. The objective of this study is to eliminate the confusion of function- ality of the same object made of different materials from a holistic approach and to support these definitions with the help of various depictions and ethnoarchaeology. In the context of this study, the earring function is taken into consideration for those artefacts shaped roughly the same but made of stones such as mountain crystal, semi-precious stones, marble or of metals such as gold, electron, silver, bronze or of different materials such as terracotta, glass, tiles, bone, ivory, amber and wood. Researchers have sometimes included examples of ear spools in their publications under different names. Spools are known from the 3rd and 2nd Millennium BC used for weaving, usually larger than five inches and made of stone or terracotta. The weaving spools are excluded from this study, which are roughly built, large in size, sometimes included in weaving loom depictions and dated relatively earlier than ear spools. This study will discuss the uses of ear spools during the 2nd Millennium BC briefly and then it will focus in detail on their presence during the first half of the 1st Millennium BC and the area of distribution as well as the diversity of raw materials. Based on the reported examples and depictions of small spools which brought uncertainties about their function and naming, we will present some personal thoughts and assessments for the considera- tion of the researchers on their use as earrings during the 1st Millennium BC. Ethnoarchaeology, depictions, and data from ancient sources are used in a method that is as holistic as possible. Although a few researchers have referred to “disc” earrings in their descriptions, they have agreed that there is not enough archaeological example to prove any of their descriptions. Therefore, in this study we tried to increase the number of examples including archaeological finds made of different materials. The use of earrings by genders in Mediterranean and Anatolian cultures is also discussed. Possible regional results are questioned based on the distribution of findings and of depictions of ear spools. When we evaluate the ear spools that were made of different materials and their depictions, it would be erroneous to oppose their existence until the end of the 6th Century BC or to deny their function as earrings. Therefore, it is proposed that they should be accepted as the most common form of earrings of the first half of 1st Millennium BC considering the information I tried to fit in the scope of this study, as well as the similarities in material and in size between the antic and the contemporary ear spools. Apart from that, another group of finds with debated function, often identified as astragali, is proposed to entitle as unused and combined pair of ear spool.
status determined the quality of life and average age during antiquity. The best physicians were sometimes short of knowledge and skills against illnesses. While diet and surgery provided some positive results, the successful surgical results were in correlation with design and diversity of medical tools. During Roman Empire, separate physicians treated slaves, members of the palace, soldiers, gladiators, and poor people. The practices of those physicians involved different methods like medicinal applications, hydrotherapy, surgery, diet, and psychotherapy. There were specialists for the eye, ear, and gynecological diseases as well as surgeons, and practitioners of water and wine healing. Grave ornaments in Greek burial customs do not include medical tools; however, contexts of physician graves from Roman Empire are still able to provide information on medical methods and tools. In addition, one physician grave captured intact is very important since it provides information on the treatments succeeded and the tools used by the buried physician. Therefore, physician graves and their contexts from Roman Empire located in Anatolia will be interpreted at the organization titled “The International Symposium on Burial Customs in Anatolia during the Hellenistic and Roman Periods”. This study will also include a discussion on the defi nition of “medical tool” and how can a tool be classifi ed as medical, cosmetic, or as having another purpose.